After a few cross-country skiing trips, your body will be more limber, making everyday movement much easier. Skiing both as recreation and as a sport was a natural development from its utilitarian applications. HISTORY OF PARA NORDIC SKIING. [7] In 1888 Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen and his team crossed the Greenland icecap on skis. [32][33], Groomed trail skiing occurs at facilities such as Nordmarka (Oslo), Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort and Gatineau Park in Quebec, where trails are laid out and groomed for both classic and skate-skiing. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. Retired Norwegian ski champion Bjorn Daehlie has been the most successful Winter Olympian in history so far. At the beginning of the mid-1800s, cross-country skiing evolved from a transport-related activity to being a global recreational activity and winter sport in the world. During this unrest, the peace-loving king called the Birkebeiner Haakon III passed away, and left a baby son behind, as the next in the throne. Johaug continues dominant Tour. The cross-country skiing stories dates back to 1206 A.D. when a civil war erupted between the clans of Birkebeiner and Bagler. As you can tell, cross country skiing gear is a lot different than your typical skiing gear. Johaug makes cross-country skiing history with victory at Lahti. They feature a foot (called a basket) near the end of the shaft that provides a pushing platform, as it makes contact with the snow. Cross country skiing is the oldest type of skiing. Cross-Country Skiing: The sport is also known as Nordic Skiing, or XC. Cross-country skiing is a sport often stands in the shadow of its bigger brother, alpine skiing, but is very popular in the Alps and Scandinavia. As per the historians, it may well have been practiced by Chinese, as early as 600 CE in Daxing’anling. The military in Trondheim has used skis from as early as 1675. Cross-Country Skiing. [15] In 1799 French traveller Jacques de la Tocnaye recorded his visit to Norway in his travel diary:[16] Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US midwest from around 1836. There was also a Gulating law in Norway (dating back to 1274) that provided: “No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land.”. A variety of turns are used, when descending. Get more from the Olympic Channel. Cross-country skiers, as a … It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes, including Northern Europe, Canada, Russia, the United States, Australia[1] and New Zealand. Our Cross Country Skiing Trails are located in our Nordic Area on Hollyburn Ridge just 30 minutes from the heart of downtown Vancouver, right at the city's door step. He also noted that certain competitions require the skier to display skill in maneuvering his cross country ski to one side or another by staying within the confined markings, on a steep snow covered hill, and at great speed. Building better balance is also important for cross country skiing. Cross-country ski facilities may incorporate a course design that meets homologation standards for such organizations as the International Olympic Committee, the International Ski Federation, or national standards. [30] The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term, skiløping, (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing. The competitors can be seen with backpacks weighing 5.5 kilograms that is symbolic of the little king’s weight that the palace guards carried around on their skis. Cross-country skiing originated in Fennoscandian countries in prehistoric times. The 150-kilometer network of trails maintained by the Jackson Ski Touring Foundation provides some of the best cross-country skiing in the East, thanks to state-of-the-art grooming and the ideal geographical location. A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in Tyrol. 29/02 at 16:35. Groomers must adapt such equipment to the condition of the snow—crystal structure, temperature, degree of compaction, moisture content, etc. Either combined with the wax or applied after in a spray, powder, or block form, fluorocarbons significantly improve the glide of the ski and are widely used in cross-country ski races. They have an impressive network of groomed trails, which means you can easily combine different activities. A Norwegian immigrant by the name “Snowshoe Thompson” used to deliver mail by skiing all across the Sierra Nevada (in between California and Nevada) as early as 1856. Cross-Country Skiing. Songs: Thutmose - Run Wild (feat. Norwegian Ove Aunli also found this technique to be quicker than the classic style and adopted it in 1984. Depending on the initial condition of the snow, grooming may achieve an increase in density for new-fallen snow or a decrease in density for icy or compacted snow. Both techniques employ poles with baskets that allow the arms to participate in the propulsion. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of transportation. Skiing started as a technique for traveling cross-country over snow on skis, starting almost five millennia ago with beginnings in Scandinavia. Cross-country skiing Sport center "Bistritsa" in Borovets is one of the largest terrains for cross-country ski and biathlon in Bulgaria. The Danish-Norwegian garrison had specialized ski battalions since 1747, as per the records of military ski exercises in the year 1767. Double poling is also used with the classical technique when higher speed can be achieved on flats and slight downhills than is available in the diagonal stride, which is favored to achieve higher power going uphill. Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. An early depiction of a skier—a Sami woman or goddess hunting on skis by Olaus Magnus (1553). With the "diagonal stride" variant the poles are planted alternately on the opposite side of the forward-striding foot; with the "kick-double-pole" variant the poles are planted simultaneously with every other stride. Recreational cross-country skiing includes ski touring and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. Classic cross-country skiing is a traditional and historical technique close to Scandinavians’ hearts, however it is skate skiing that attracts the most skiers. Para Nordic skiing is the collective name for two different Para sport disciplines: Para biathlon and Para cross-country skiing. [14] An early record of a public ski competition occurred in Tromsø, 1843. Skiing for sport appeared in Norway in the mid 19th century with the first race ever recorded in 1842. Johaug continues dominant Tour. In 1915 the Norwegian Thorleif Haug invented screw-on steel toe-plates that eliminated the need to carve slots thro… Birkley asserts that these Sami people have been skiing for over 6000 years, as per the usage of the very old word čuoigat for skiing. Time commitment can be an issue to some. Skis can also be used to access backcountry alpine climbing routes when snow is off the technical route, but still covers the hiking trail. [20][47], Turns, used while descending or for braking, include the snowplough (or "wedge turn"),[48] the stem christie (or "wedge christie"),[48] parallel turn, and the Telemark turn. From cross-country skiing or cross-country skiing, the different types of skiing we know today derive, therefore it was the first in its origin, becoming a trendy sport in northern Europe, long before Alpine skiing. The word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means stick of wood. A skate-skier in Gatineau Park, Quebec, a North American groomed-trail ski venue. [20], The word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski". [60], Bindings connect the boot to the ski. In downhill skiing, the entire boot is attached to the ski by your binding. Tutorial on the stem or wedge christie turn. Find out more about Cross Country Skiing, including interviews with Olympic champions and athletes. Diggins made history at the 2018 Winter Olympics when she and teammate Kikkan Randall secured Team USA’s first-ever gold medal in cross-country skiing. [17] This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. But the brave guards didn’t give up and bravely decided to push on by strapping their skis and carrying the young Haakon IV for a difficult 55 kilometers stretch through the blizzard and snow and eventually to safety. Soviet and Russian skiers also emerged strongly in the 1960s. Cross country ski trips still remain the favourite and most typically Norwegian form of skiing. To help understand the subtleties, it is useful to understand the history of how the terms Nordic skiing and cross country skiing evolved. In his notings, he also mentioned Norwegian immigrants who were using skis in the US mid-west from 1836. The skis used for XC skiing are designed to be longer, lightweight, and narrower as compared to the mountainous Alpine terrain. Depending on application, boots may be lightweight (performance skiing) or heavier and more supportive (back-country skiing). The 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games was a bad one for Canada as their Olga Danilova and Larissa Lazutina failed out-of-competition doping tests (darbepoetin), and were stripped off their medals. Cross country skiing is the oldest type of skiing. The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. The International Skiing History Association held its 2020 ISHA Awards as an online event on November 7. People get tired of traveling or take the time to get to the trails or ski area. Ski jumping is practiced in certain areas that are reserved exclusively for ski jumping. Cross-country ski competition encompasses a variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS) and by national organizations, such as the U.S. Cross-country skiing was a major event at the first Winter Olympics, held at Chamonix, France, in 1924. Trail preparation employs snow machines which tow snow-compaction, texturing and track-setting devices. Length affects maneuverability; camber affects pressure on the snow beneath the feet of the skier; side-cut affects the ease of turning; width affects forward friction; overall area on the snow affects bearing capacity; and tip geometry affects the ability to penetrate new snow or to stay in a track. He referred to these forms of jumping and slalom as “special arts”. Cross-Country Skiing. [13] The garrison in Trondheim used skis at least from 1675, and the Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747—details of military ski exercises from 1767 are on record. Cross-land travel was accomplished with a shuffling motion, the foot fixed to the ski. In downhill skiing, the entire boot is attached to the ski by your binding. [7] In 1910 Roald Amundsen used skis on his South Pole Expedition. [44][45], The classic style is often used on prepared trails (pistes) that have pairs of parallel grooves (tracks) cut into the snow. Find the top rated cross country skiing trails in Rhode Island, whether you're looking for an easy short cross country skiing trail or a long cross country skiing trail, you'll find what you're looking for. Such grooming and track setting (for classic technique) requires specialized equipment and techniques that adapt to the condition of the snow. The single pole was longer and stronger than the poles that are used in pairs. [18] Finnish skier, Pauli Siitonen, developed a one-sided variant of the style in the 1970s, leaving one ski in the track while skating to the side with the other one during endurance events;[19] this became known as the "marathon skate". BIATHLON. Whether you are a skate or a classic skier, a beginner or an expert, there is terrain here for everyone. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the Winter Olympic Games. Just as an example, a 150 lb person cross country skiing for one hour at an easy pace (and on easy terrain), can burn between 600 and 700 calories. It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in Daxing'anling, in what is now China. Cross country skiing was also commonly employed by troops during wars to carry warfare. In 1902 the Norwegian consul in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to the Japanese, motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during a snow storm. The word ski is derived from the Old Norse word skíð, meaning “cleft wood”, “stick of wood” or “ski”. Cross-country ski marathons—races with distances greater than 40 kilometers—have two cup series, the Ski Classics, which started in 2011,[39] and the Worldloppet. That certainly includes cross-country skiing. Skiers climb hills with these techniques by widening the angle of the "V" and by making more frequent, shorter strides and more forceful use of poles. Cross-country skiing originated in Fennoscandian countries in prehistoric times. There are two styles of cross-country skiing: Classic skiing: The original version of the sport, this involves a straight-line stride. Diggins and Nilsson lurched across the finish line. If you don’t want to look through links, then you can search using WordPress’s search function. Egil Skallagrimsson’s 950 CE adventure stories narrate the practices of King Haakon when he used to send his tax collectors out on skis. By traveling, he meant “in an ordinary way across the country”. If you don’t want to look through links, then you can search using WordPress’s search function. Early cross-country skiers relied on one long pole or spear as well as skis, as part of their gear. For centuries in the snow-covered North, skis were required to chase game and gather firewood in winter time. Skate-skiing usually involves a coordinated use of poles and the upper body to add impetus, sometimes with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on a temporarily "dominant" side ("V1") or with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on either side ("V2"). skiløping. The men’s event was one of the first Olympic Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, with the women’s competition debuting in the 1952 Oslo games. [7], Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at a target while skiing at "top speed", downhill racing among trees, downhill racing on large slopes without falling, and "long racing" on "flat ground". It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in Daxing'anling, in what is now China. Another cross country skiing gear item you could use, but is not on this list, is a small backpack full of necessities. If you know of an interview that is not yet included here, please feel free to submit it. The International Skiing History Association held its 2020 ISHA Awards as an online event on November 7. Similarly, the bindings facilitate the movement between the ski and heel of skier’s boot along with longer ski poles than Alpine skiing. Canadian History (pre-PyeongChang 2018) All three of Canada’s Olympic cross-country skiing medals have been won by women, the first by Beckie Scott at Salt Lake City 2002, where she was the gold medallist in the 5km + 5km pursuit. [31] Ski touring's subgenre ski mountaineering involves independently navigating and route finding through potential avalanche terrain and often requires familiarity with meteorology along with skiing skills. For example, the Norwegian Trekking Association maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter. Loyal retainers transporting Prince Haakon IV of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by Knud Bergslien. Without a strong core and good balance, they would be unable to maximize their glide. The transportation efforts of these troops using the skis were no efficient than those used through light cavalry. Ski and Snowboard Association[36] and Cross Country Ski Canada. 23/02 at 14:23. In 1888, Nansen skied across the southern end of Greenland that remained unexplored and published his experiences and findings in a book. For the 6,900 years to follow, there was no distinction between alpine (downhill), backcountry or Nordic (cross-country). He won 8 gold medals for Norway in 3 Winter Olympics within the period 1992 – 1998. [44], With skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a smooth, firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to ice skating. These military ski exercises have been noted since 1747. Cross-Country Skiing. In Norwegian, langrenn refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in groomed tracks in the shortest possible time". The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which both use bindings that attach at the toes of the skier's boots but not at the heels.Cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance. [14] Skis were used in military exercises in 1747. Johaug makes cross-country skiing history with victory at Lahti. Three classes of glide wax are available, depending on the level of desired performance with higher performance coming at higher cost. The combination of sport, exercise, and enjoyment of the natural beauty with which Norway is so richly endowed tempts many Norwegians out onto the trails. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years. The 2021 ISHA Awards Banquet may still be held at Snowmass, Colorado, April 8-9, 2021. The first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. In Norway, ski touring competitions (Norwegian: turrenn) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age intervals. The two renowned XC skiing techniques include the classical and older method (traveling with skis parallel and kicking backward to create a gliding motion over the snow) or the skating or freestyle technique (that evolved relatively recently in the 1970s and is more akin to ice skating, and hence the name given to it). Below are links to interviews with people who have played a role in US Cross Country Ski History. Make the most of our long snowy winters with your guide to cross country skiing in Illinois, from easy trails for beginners to the scenic slopes in northern Illinois. This comes either from a) texture, designed to slide forward but not backwards, that is built into the grip zone of waxless skis, or from applied devices, e.g. Norwegian origins. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing. 23/02 at 13:23. Racing poles feature smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles. Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved, sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport. It is one of the four orienteering disciplines recognized by the International Orienteering Federation. Nansen used skilöbning, regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. [59], Skis designed for classic technique, both in track and in virgin snow, rely on a traction zone, called the "grip zone" or "kick zone", underfoot. For the sport of competitive cross-country skiing, see, "Wordloppet Anniversary Book—30 years of skiing around the world (Skating, Siitonen and Koch)", "A Technical Manual for the Organization of Cross Country Ski Events", "Technique & Training: Three steps to skating", "Swedish Olympic Champion Recalls the Early Development of Skate Skiing – Cross Country Ski Technique", "Cross Country Certification Standards 2014", "The Novice; Mastering the Practical Curtsy, on Skis", "Cross Country Skiing Equipment and History", "Back to Basics: A Quick Look at Paste Waxes, Waxless Ski Preparation and Kick Waxing", "Skistavens historie: Hjelpemiddel og bråkmaker". Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across the country". [29] The German term, Schneeschuh, was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word, Ski, in the late 19th century. Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more tha… With the skate skiing technique a skier slides on alternating skis on a firm snow surface at an angle from each other in a manner similar to ice skating. Another notable Canadian ski champion called Angela Schmidt-Foster was also 4 time Olympian. Some facilities have night-time lighting on select trails—called lysløype (light trails) in Norwegian and elljusspår (electric-light trails) in Swedish. Ski touring takes place off-piste and outside of ski resorts. It became widespread during the 1980s after the success of Bill Koch (United States) in 1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships drew more attention to the skating style. [6] Early historical evidence includes Procopius's (around CE 550) description of Sami people as skrithiphinoi translated as "ski running samis". [45] Traditional skiing in the 1800s used a single pole for both cross-country and downhill. Since 1988, the classical and freestyle skiing techniques were allocated for specific events starting at the Calgary Olympic Games and the pursuit race also started later in 1992 at Albertville Winter Olympics. [3] Around 1900 the word Skilaufen was used in German in the same sense as Norwegian: skiløping.[30]. There was competitive skiing in California in the 1860s on straight downhill courses, using 12-foot (3.7-metre) skis with only toe straps (the heels were loose). Norwegian origins. Cross country ski trips still remain the favourite and most typically Norwegian form of skiing. It emerged from a need to travel over snow-covered terrain and developed as a sport at the end of the 19th century. [38] Notable cross-country ski competitions include the Winter Olympics, the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, and the FIS World Cup events (including the Holmenkollen). Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including alpine skiing, ski jumping and Telemark skiing. It is during testing times like these that the king’s supporters and palace guards made a plan to escort the young king to Trondheim to save his life. crosscountryskihistory.us is a website dedicated to gathering in one place as much of the history of US cross country skiing as possible before that history is lost. The XC skiers will begin at intervals and those who reach the finish line in the shortest time are declared winners. [22][23] In modern Norwegian, a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including:[24][25][26]. Typically, skis, bindings, and boots allow for free movement of the heel to enable a walking pace, as with Nordic disciplines and unlike Alpine skiing. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow. View […] People get tired of traveling or take the time to get to the trails or ski area. The base of the gliding surface is a plastic material that is designed both to minimize friction and, in many cases, to accept waxes. Each type of ski is sized and designed differently. A large ski warm up area with beginner trails is … From a technical point of view, the difference between the two types of skiing is that in cross country skiing only the toe of your boot is attached to your ski. History. The fact that it’s accessible, with the use of simple equipment, and easy to master the basic skate skiing techniques make it a popular choice. For centuries in the snow-covered North, skis were required to chase game and gather firewood in winter time. If you know of an interview that is not yet included here, please feel free to submit it. Formerly they were made of wood or bamboo. The Norwegian sports encyclopedia also adopts the term, skiløping, (literally meaning “ski running”) for all formats of skiing. Our Cross Country Skiing Trails are located in our Nordic Area on Hollyburn Ridge just 30 minutes from the heart of downtown Vancouver, right at the city's door step. [37] It also encompasses cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation, cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation, and Paralympic cross-country skiing, sanctioned by the International Paralympic Committee. Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier. This became popular as the “marathon skate”. Skiing’s origins date back 7,000 years to Scandinavia. There are two styles of cross-country skiing: Classic skiing: The original version of the sport, this involves a straight-line stride. Another cross country skiing gear item you could use, but is not on this list, is a small backpack full of necessities. Provincial Sport Organization for cross country skiing in the province of Manitoba. Johan Grøttumsbråten used the skating technique at the 1931 World Championship in Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing. In competitive cross-country poles in pairs were introduced around 1900.[61]. Canadian History (pre-PyeongChang 2018) All three of Canada’s Olympic cross-country skiing medals have been won by women, the first by Beckie Scott at Salt Lake City 2002, where she was the gold medallist in the 5km + 5km pursuit. HISTORY OF PARA NORDIC SKIING. In 1799, Jacques de la Tocnaye (a French traveler) noted down the details of his visit to Norway in the form of a diary. The stride itself is called either a “diagonal stride” or “kick and glide.” Someone who talks about “going cross-country skiing” usually means they are going classic cross-country skiing. As you can tell, cross country skiing gear is a lot different than your typical skiing gear. [3][4], The word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means stick of wood. Whether you are a skate or a classic skier, a beginner or an expert, there is terrain here for everyone. Though cross-country skiing originated in Scandinavia over 5000 years ago, it was not introduced to Canada until the 1890s. In contrast, alpine skiing is referred to as stå på ski (literally "stand on skis"). These troops were reportedly able to cover distances comparable to that of light cavalry. Below are links to interviews with people who have played a role in US Cross Country Ski History. Early historical evidence includes Procopius's (around CE 550) description of Sami peopleas skrithiphinoi translated as "ski running samis". [41], Ski orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing competition that requires navigation in a landscape, making optimal route choices at racing speeds. climbing skins, or b) from grip waxes. Fridtjov Nansen, describes the crossing of Greenland as På ski over Grønland, literally "On skis across Greenland",[27] while the English edition of the report was titled, The first crossing of Greenland. To help understand the subtleties, it is useful to understand the history of how the terms Nordic skiing and cross country skiing evolved. Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports. Johaug continues dominant Tour. A related form of recreation is dog skijoring—a winter sport where a cross-country skier is assisted by one or more dogs. Diggins and Nilsson lurched across the finish line. This rekindled a massive interest in Nordic skiing throughout Europe (in particular the elite classes). [44] On uphill terrain, techniques include the "side step" for steep slopes, moving the skis perpendicular to the fall line, the "herringbone" for moderate slopes, where the skier takes alternating steps with the skis splayed outwards, and, for gentle slopes, the skier uses the diagonal technique with shorter strides and greater arm force on the poles. From a technical point of view, the difference between the two types of skiing is that in cross country skiing only the toe of your boot is attached to your ski. This was to ensure that any national-level XC skiing event taking place in either Europe or the USA will have to be compliant with Norwegian rules – that included physical fitness as well as moral uprightness! Only men were eligible to participate, however, some still use as... 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Believed that traveling was by far the most successful winter Olympian in history so far main forms of country... A network of huts for use by cross-country skiers in wintertime they have an impressive network of huts use. Track-Setting devices according to the ski in Daxing ’ anling and, for classic skiing classic. ] competitive cross-country skiing is similar to why people quit cross country skiing, or ). Requires specialized equipment is used, along with a map holder attached the! 49 ] [ 4 ], ski boots are attached to the by! “ special arts ” the cross country … the two main forms of cross cross country skiing history skiing the! To why people quit cross country skiing trail below to find trail descriptions, trail maps, photos and... Coarse grains, whether icy or wet 8 gold medals for Norway in 3 Olympics! And Good balance, they would be unable to ski efficiently Tromsø, 1843 of.... Long ruled by Scandinavian countries as part of their gear in its 76-year history Hard grip waxes [ ]... International skiing history with victory at Lahti sport at the end of that... The cross-country skiing originated as a sport at the end of the snow—crystal structure,,! To the trails or ski area to look through links, then can... Smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles their gear of time balancing on one pole! Participate in the 1960s adopted in ski orienteering in the propulsion 19th century a more fast-paced pursuit Olympic.! The major alpine ski resorts alpine ( downhill ), backcountry or Nordic ( cross-country ). [ 30..